Among the seven currently identified HCoVs, two of them (229E and NL63) belong to Alphacoronavirus and the rest (HKU1, OC43, SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV, and SARS-CoV-2) belong to Betacoronavirus ( Cui et al., 2019 Chen et al., 2020a).Īmong the seven HCoVs, 229E, OC43, NL63, and HKU1 mainly infect the upper respiratory tract and causes the common cold with a high incidence in the immunocompetent population ( Su et al., 2016). CoVs are categorized into four genera: Alphacoronavirus, Betacoronavirus, Gammacoronavirus, and Deltacoronavirus. All structural proteins are encoded by the open reading frame (ORF) at the 3’ end, and nonstructural proteins are encoded by ORFs at the 5’ end ( Figure 1) ( Fehr and Perlman, 2015 Neuman and Buchmeier, 2016). Most CoVs contain four structural proteins: spike (S) protein, envelope (E) protein, membrane (M) protein and nucleocapsid (N) protein, and 16 nonstructural proteins. The six previously discovered HCoVs include severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV), Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV), HCoV-229E (229E), HCoV-OC43 (OC43), HCoV-NL63 (NL63), and HCoV-HKU1 (HKU1) ( Su et al., 2016).Īs largest single-stranded RNA viruses with genomes ranging from 26 to 32 kilobases ( Chen et al., 2020a), all CoVs are similar in structure and gene expression. It marks the emergence of the seventh coronavirus that infects humans. In late 2019, a novel human coronavirus, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), emerged and soon spread worldwide, then developed into a global pandemic within months ( Huang et al., 2020 WHO, 2020a). Finally, future suggestions and possibilities that can lead to higher sensitivity and specificity are provided for further research. Then, technical strategies based on bioinformatics and advanced biosensors were proposed to improve the performance of these methods. In this review, we summarize the mainstream immunoassay methods for human coronaviruses (HCoVs) and address their benefits, limitations, and applications. Moreover, they are also indispensable tools for retrospective epidemiological surveys and the evaluation of the effectiveness of vaccination. They can be used not only as supplemental tools to identify cases missed by rRT-PCR, but also for first-line screening tests in areas with limited medical resources. Although real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (rRT-PCR) is the preferred laboratory method recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO) for diagnosing and screening SARS-CoV-2 infection, the versatile immunoassays still play an important role for pandemic control. Efficient and accurate laboratory diagnostic methods are one of the crucial means to control the development of the current pandemic and to prevent potential future outbreaks. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) is the seventh coronavirus (CoV) that has spread in humans and has become a global pandemic since late 2019. ![]() 3Department of Economics and Management, ChangSha University, Changsha, Hunan, China.2Breast Surgery Department I, Hunan Cancer Hospital, Changsha, Hunan, China.1Xiang Ya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.Danqi Wang 1† Yuejun Chen 2† Shan Xiang 1 Huiting Hu 2 Yujuan Zhan 1 Ying Yu 1 Jingwen Zhang 1 Pian Wu 1 Fei yue Liu 3 Tianhan Kai 1* Ping Ding 1*
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